Refugees, Conflict and the Search for Belonging

Acknowledgements.- Map.- Introduction.- I. Overview of the field research and methodology.- II. Overview of the book.- 1. Conflict and displacement, citizenship and belonging: a framework for discussion.- I. Citizenship - belonging to a polity?.- II. (De)constructions of citizenship: a rights perspective.- III. Multiple forms of belonging.- IV. The politics of ethnicity.- V. Belonging and territory: the politics of autochthony.- VI. Forced migration and its linkages with notions of inclusion and exclusion.- 2. Living through exile: (not) belonging to a state.- I. National exclusion in exile.- Becoming Tanzanian?.- II. Reclaiming national belonging through return to Burundi?.- III. National exclusion through unresolved legacies of violence.- IV. National identity: an anecdote to violence.- V. Belonging to an un-functioning state?.- VI Conclusion.- 3. Living through exile: belonging to a state.- I. Staying in Tanzania: needing to belong locally.- II. Burundi: Restoring Social Contracts?.- III. Belonging in Eastern DRC's North Kivu province.- IV. Conclusion.- 4. Local and national belonging in exile: convergence or divergence?.- I. Congolese refugees in Rwanda.- II. The role of ethnicity.- No room for multiple forms of allegiance.- Tanzania - local and national belonging.- III. Burundi: still not belonging.- IV. Conclusion.- 5. Marginalised in Sudan, exiled from Sudan: Citizenship on the margins.- I. Citizenship and displacement in the context of Sudan.- Living in the capital.- Extending the logic of exclusion beyond the conflict zones.- Imposing exclusion.- A history of marginalisation reinforced by secession.- Resisting exclusion.- II. Belonging on the wrong side of the border.- Darfuris in South Sudan: IDPs, refugees, migrants or citizens?.- A war rooted in marginalisation.- What future in South Sudan?.- Evolving forms of identification.- Legal status or local belonging?.- Conclusion.- 6. Refugee policy structures: promoting or undermining belonging?.- I. Aspects of policy: undermining belonging.- II. South Sudan: hoping for peace but preparing for war.- Geographical spread.- A process of time.- Eluding categorisation.- Repatriation and belonging.- Belonging to a place.- Belonging to a people.- Belonging to a polity.- III. Tanzania: from inclusive to exclusive understandings of belonging.- IV. Rwandan refugees: when is safe return safe?.- V. Congolese in Rwanda: ending exile by ending causes of war.- VI. An alternative reality? Making sense of belonging.- Conclusion I. Resisting marginalisation.- II. Movement as an antidote.- III. Externally driven peace agreements that lack inclusion.- IV. Re-securing citizenship?... Mehr