Environmental Engineering Review for the Professional Engineering Examination

CHAPTER 1: WATER AND WASTEWATER..................................................................... 21.1 WATER RESOURCES PLANNING.............................................................. 21.1.1. Population Projection................................................................................................. 21.1.2. Legal Aspects of Water Rights.................................................................................. 31.1.3. Sources of Water....................................................................................................... 41.1.4. Uses of Water............................................................................................................ 41.1.5. Large-Scale Planning................................................................................................. 51.1.6. Other Factors in Planning.......................................................................................... 51.2. WATER DISTRIBUTION AND WASTEWATER COLLECTION............. 51.2.1. INTAKE OF WATER FOR DISTRIBUTION........................................................ 51.2.1.1. Transportation of Water..................................................................................... 61.2.1.2. Sea Water........................................................................................................... 61.2.2. WATER DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION........................................ 81.2.2.1. Design of Hydraulic System.............................................................................. 91.2.2.2. Hydraulic Radius R Used for Non-Circular Conduits.................................... 101.2.3. WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS....................................................... 101.2.4. FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS...................................................... 121.2.4.1. Flow measurement devices:............................................................................. 121.2.5. FLUID FLOW IN PIPING SYSTEMS................................................................. 131.2.5.1. Computation of hf, the Head Loss................................................................... 151.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER AND WASTEWATER....................... 161.3.1. Chemical Types of Pollution.................................................................................... 161.3.2. Physical Types of Pollution..................................................................................... 171.3.3. Physiological Types of Pollution............................................................................. 181.3.4. Biological Types of Pollution.................................................................................. 191.4. CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER QUALITY 191.4.1. Analysis of water and wastewater........................................................................... 191.4.2. SOLIDS CONTENT IN WASTEWATER............................................................ 201.4.3. Water Treatment...................................................................................................... 231.4.3.1. Sedimentation.................................................................................................. 231.4.3.2. Hardness.......................................................................................................... 261.4.3.3. Softening of hard water................................................................................... 271.4.3.4. Coagulation and Flocculation.......................................................................... 281.4.3.5. Mixing Processes............................................................................................. 291.4.3.6. Adsorption....................................................................................................... 321.4.3.7. Anaerobic Digester.......................................................................................... 43 Chapter 2. GROUNDWATER, SOILS, AND REMEDIATION..................................... 12.1. SOILS ........................................................................................................................... 32.2. FLOW FIELDS................................................................................................................. 32.3. WELLS IN AQUIFERS................................................................................................... 42.4. REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES.............................................................................. 52.4.1. Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids..................................................................................... 52.4.2. Pump and Treat Technology...................................................................................... 5 Chapter 3 Air...................................................................................................................... 23.1. Categories of air pollution................................................................................. 23.2. Harmful effects of air pollution......................................................................... 23.3. Codes, standards, regulations, and guidelines................................................... 33.4. Meteorology....................................................................................................... 43.5. Atmospheric chemistry...................................................................................... 63.6. Measuring air pollution...................................................................................... 83.7. Pollutant dispersion......................................................................................... 103.8. Risk management programs............................................................................. 123.9. Air transport systems....................................................................................... 133.10. Treatment technologies.................................................................................... 153.11. Odor generation and control............................................................................ 203.12. Preventing air pollution.................................................................................... 21 Chapter 4. Solid Waste....................................................................................................... 14.1. Sources of Solid Waste..................................................................................................... 14.2. Methods for the Disposal of Solid Wastes:....................................................................... 24.2.1. Sanitary Landfill........................................................................................................ 24.3. Site Selection..................................................................................................................... 34.3.1. Site Selection - Landfills.......................................................................................... 34.3.1.1. Objective Technical Factors............................................................................... 34.3.1.2. Social and Economic Factors............................................................................. 34.3.2. Operation of the Landfill.......................................................................................... 44.3.3. Water Balance in Landfills........................................................................................ 54.3.4. Leachate.................................................................................................................... 64.3.5. Landfill Gas............................................................................................................... 84.3.5.1. Upward movement of landfill gas the landfill cover:........................................ 84.3.5.2. Downward movement of CO2........................................................................... 94.3.5.3. Use of Landfill Gas........................................................................................... 94.4. Recycling........................................................................................................................... 94.4.1. Paper........................................................................................................................ 104.4.2. Aluminum and Copper............................................................................................ 104.4.3. Ferrous Metals......................................................................................................... 104.4.4. Glass........................................................................................................................ 104.4.5. Plastics..................................................................................................................... 114.4.6. Used Tires................................................................................................................ 114.4.7. Construction and Demolition Wastes...................................................................... 114.4.8. Yard Waste.............................................................................................................. 114.4.9. Batteries................................................................................................................... 114.4.10. Waste Oil................................................................................................................. 114.5. Composting..................................................................................................................... 124.6. Incineration and Energy Recovery.................................................................................. 124.7. Solid Waste Collection and Storage................................................................................ 134.8. Regulations...................................................................................................................... 144.8.1. Solid Waste Legal Aspects...................................................................................... 144.8.2. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).......................................................... 144.8.3. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) 154.8.4. Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA)...................................................... 15 Chapter 5 Hazardous Waste............................................................................................... 25.1. Definition and characterization of different types of hazardous waste............ 25.2. Sampling and measurement methods for hazardous waste............................... 45.3. Storage, collection, and transportation systems for hazardous waste............... 55.4. Minimization, reduction, and recycling of hazardous waste............................. 65.5. Treatment and disposal technologies for hazardous waste................................ 75.6. Management of radioactive and mixed wastes............................................... 10 Chapter 6 Environmental Assessments and Emergency Response.................................... 26.1. Site assessment.................................................................................................. 26.2. Hydrogeology.................................................................................................... 26.3. Historical considerations and land use practices............................................... 56.4. Fate, partitioning, and transport of pollutants................................................... 56.5. Industrial hygiene, health, and safety................................................................ 76.6. Security, emergency plans, and incident response procedures.......................... 86.7. Fundamentals of epidemiology and toxicology................................................ 96.8. Exposure assessment and risk characterization................................................ 106.9. Radiation protection (health physics).............................................................. 116.10. Vector control and sanitation, including biohazards....................................... 126.11. Noise pollution................................................................................................. 136.12. Indoor air quality............................................................................................. 14 Chapter 7 Error and Uncertainty in Environmental Measurements................................... 2 Exam 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1Exam 1 Solutions..................................................................................................................... 20 Exam 2 ........................................................................................................................... 1Exam 2 Solutions..................................................................................................................... 23... Mehr