Psychophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Experimental and Clinical Applications

I Esophagus.- 1 Studies of Esophageal Function during Waking and Sleep.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tests of Esophageal Function.- 2.1. Esophageal Motility.- 2.2. Clinical Tests of Acid Clearance.- 2.3. Esophageal pH Monitoring.- 3. Esophageal Function during Sleep.- 4. Implications and Future Studies.- 5. References.- 2 The Responsiveness of the Esophagus to Environmental Stimuli.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Types of Esophageal Motility.- 3. Relation of Tertiary Contractions to Psychological Stress.- 4. Experimental Studies of Acoustically Induced Esophageal Contractions.- 4.1. Intensity of Stimuli Required to Produce Contractions.- 4.2. Orienting versus Defense Reactions.- 5. Implications for Understanding and Treatment of Esophageal Motor Disorders.- 6. References.- 3 Disorders of the Esophagus: Applications of Psychophysiological Methods to Treatment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Disorders of the Esophagus.- 2.1. Globus Hystericus.- 2.2. Diffuse Esophageal Spasm.- 2.3. Reflux Esophagitis.- 2.4. Achalasia.- 3. Physiology of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- 3.1. Reflex Motor Responses.- 3.2. Pharmacology of the LES.- 4. Biofeedback Training to Raise Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure.- 5. References.- 4 Psychological Treatment Approaches to Psychogenic Vomiting and Rumination.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Syndrome.- 2.1. Topography.- 2.2. Etiology.- 2.3. Clinical Consequences.- 3. Treatment Approaches.- 3.1. Medical Interventions.- 3.2. Massive Attention.- 3.3. Psychotherapy.- 3.4. Peripheral Electric Shock Therapy.- 3.5. Taste Aversion Methods.- 3.6. Differential Reinforcement and Other Behavioral Techniques.- 4. Comparison of Treatment Approaches.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- II Stomach.- 5 Surface Gastrograms as Measures of Gastric Motility.- 1. Introduction: A Short History of Gastric Motility Records.- 2. Electromotor Activity of the Stomach.- 2.1. The Role of Indices of Electromotor Activity.- 2.2. Contractile Activity of the Stomach.- 2.3. Electrical Activity of the Stomach.- 3. Signal Parameters of Gastric Activity and Their Psychophysiological Information Content.- 4. Electrical Recordings from the Abdominal Surface: Current Practice in Psychophysiology.- 4.1. Apparatus and Procedures: Overview.- 4.2. Recording Sites.- 4.3. Signal Analysis.- 4.4. Validity of Electrogastrograms-Critical Evaluation.- 5. Magnetogastrography.- 5.1. Classical Methods.- 5.2. Three-Axes Magnetogastrogram with Freely Moving Magnet.- 5.3. Magnetogastrographies with Ferromagnetic Tracer Material.- 5.4. Signal Analysis.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- 6 Conjoint Gastrography: Principles and Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Rationale of Conjoint Gastrography.- 3. Electrogastrograms.- 3.1. Recording Sites.- 3.2. Electrodes and Skin Preparation.- 3.3. Amplifiers and Filters.- 4. Magnetogastrograms.- 4.1. Magnetometers and Magnetic Capsules.- 4.2. Amplifiers and Filters.- 4.3. Procedure.- 4.4. Procedure with Ferrite Test Meal.- 5. General Procedure and Control Measurements.- 6. Data Acquisition.- 6.1. Laboratory Configuration.- 6.2. Portable Data Logging.- 7. Signal Analysis.- 7.1. Overview.- 7.2. Principles of Fourier Analysis in Gastrography.- 7.3. Basic Fourier Mathematics.- 7.4. Auto- and Cross-spectral Analyses of Conjoint Gastrograms.- 7.5. Evaluation of Spectra.- 8. Selected Results.- 8.1. Peak Histograms.- 8.2. Cross-Correlograms.- 8.3. Coherence Functions.- 9. References.- 7 Measurement of Gastric Acid Secretion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measurement of Gastric Acid.- 2.1. The pH Method.- 2.2. The pH Meter-Titration Method.- 2.3. Titration with Chemical Indicators.- 3. Tests of Gastric Secretory Function.- 3.1. Basal Acid Output (BAO).- 3.2. Peak Acid Output (PAO), Maximal Acid Output (MAO), and Calculated Maximal Acid Output (CMAO).- 4. Psychophysiological Measures of Gastric Acid.- 4.1. Intragastric Measures.- 4.2. External Measurement of Gastric Acid.- 5. Subject Considerations in Gastric Research.- 5.1. Subject Selec... Mehr