Liquid Chromatography in Environmental Analysis

1 Quality Assurance in Environmental Trace Analysis.- 1. The Quality Assurance Program.- 1.1. Objectives of a Quality Assurance Program.- 1.2. Elements Evaluated by the Quality Assurance Program.- 1.3. Management of the Quality Assurance Program.- 1.4. Documentation.- 2. Quality Control Procedures in the Quality Assurance Program.- 2.1. Role of Quality Control Procedures.- 2.2. Blanks, Replicates, and Spiked Samples.- 2.3. Evaluation of Results.- 3. Operation of a Quality Assurance Program.- 3.1. Feedback to the Analyst.- 3.2. Corrective Actions.- 3.3. Quality Assurance Program Changes.- References.- 2 Applications of HPLC to the Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Samples.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nomenclature, Structure, and Carcinogenicity.- 3. Origin and Formation in the Environment.- 4. Methods of Analysis for Polycyclic Hydrocarbons.- 4.1. Nonpolar Chemically Bonded Stationary Phase.- 4.2. Polar Chemically Bonded Stationary Phase.- 4.3. Separation of PANH, PASH, and Nitro-PAH.- 4.4. Detection and Identification.- 5. HPLC Applications in PAH Analysis.- 5.1. Air Particulates, Fly Ash, Carbon Black, and Coal Tar Pitch.- 5.2. Water and Waste Water.- 5.3. Sediments, Fish, Mussels, and Meat.- 5.4. Petroleum and Synthetic Fuels.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 3 HPLC of Pesticide Residues in Environmental Samples.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Instrumentation and Methodology.- 2.1. Pumps.- 2.2. Injection Systems.- 2.3. Columns and Column Packing.- 2.4. Detectors.- 2.5. Solvents.- 2.6. Preparation of Derivatives.- 3. Applications.- 3.1. Water.- 3.2. Examples.- 3.3. Soil.- 3.4. Examples.- 3.5. Hydrosoil.- 3.6. Example.- 3.7. Plant Material.- 3.8. Examples.- 3.9. Animal Tissue.- 3.10. Example.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 4 HPLC Determination of Surfactants and Related Compounds.- 1. Anionic Surfactants and Related Compounds.- 1.1. General Methods.- 1.2. Analysis of Anionic Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Means of HPLC.- 2. Nonionic Surfactants.- 2.1. General Methods.- 2.2. Analysis of Nonionic Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Means of HPLC.- 3. Cationic and Amphoteric Surfactants and Related Compounds.- 3.1. General Methods.- 3.2. Analysis of Cationic Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Means of HPLC.- References.- 5 Trace Metal Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. HPLC-Ultraviolet, -Visible, and/or -Fluorescence Detection of Metal Species.- 3. HPLC-Mass Spectrometric Detection of Metal Species.- 4. HPLC-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic Detection of Metal Species.- 5. HPLC-Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopic Detection of Metal Species.- 6. HPLC-Inductively Coupled or -Direct-Current Plasma Emission Spectroscopic Detection of Metal Species.- 6.1 HPLC-Direct-Current Plasma Emission Spectroscopic Detection of Metal Species.- 7. HPLC-Electrochemical and -Conductivity Detection of Metal Species.- 8. Ion Chromatography-Conductivity Detection of Metal Species.- 9. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Anion Analysis by Ion Chromatography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Separation Modes.- 2.1. High Performance Ion Chromatography (HPIC).- 2.2. Mobile-Phase Ion Chromatography (MPIC).- 2.3. High Performance Ion Chromatography Exclusion (HPICE).- 2.4. Summary of Separation Techniques.- 3. Detection Modes.- 3.1. Fiber Suppressors.- 3.2. Suppression via Precipitation.- 3.3. Other Detection Modes.- 4. New Applications in Anion Ion Chromatography.- 4.1. Cyanide and Cyanide Complexes.- 4.2. Acid Rain Analysis.- 4.3. Trace Iodide Determination.- 4.4. Chromate Determination.- 4.5. Trace Analysis of Bulk Chemicals.- 4.6. Trace Determination of Nitrate.- 4.7. Brine Analysis.- 4.8. Miscellaneous Anion Separations.- 5. Summary.- References.- 7 HPLC Sample Injection and Column Switching.- 1. HPLC Sample Injection Using Valves.- 1.1. Sample Injection onto 2 mm id or Larger HPLC Columns.- 1.2. Injection onto Small Bore (... Mehr